Glaxosmithkline, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Aids in Africa

†¢ Case – 2 Marks-20In 2004, the United Nations estimated that the previous year 5 million more people around the world hadcontracted the AIDS virus, 3 million had died, and a total of 40 million people were living with theinfection. Seventy percent, or about 28 million of these, lived in sub – Saharan Africa, where the epidemicwas at its worst. Sub – Saharan Africa consists of the 48 countries and 643 million people who residesouth of the Saharan desert. In 16 of these countries, 10 percent are infected with the virus, in 6 othernation, 20 percent are infected. The UN predicted that in these 6 nations two – thirds of all 15 – year oldswould eventually die of AIDS and in those where 10 percent were infected, half of all 15 – year –†¦show more content†¦In1987, Burroughs Wellcome (now part of GlaxoSmithKline) developed AZT, the first FDA-approvedantiretroviral, that is, a drug that attacks the HIV virus itself. When wellc ome priced AZT at $10,000 for ayear’s supply, it was accused of price gouging, forcing a price reducing of 20 percent the following year. In1991, Bristol- Myers Squibb developed didanosine, a new class of antiretroviral drug called nucleosidereverse transcriptase inhibitors. In 1995, Roche developed saquinavir, a third new class of antiretroviraldrug called a protease inhibitor, and the following year Roxane Laboratories announced nevirapine,another new class of antiretrovirals called nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors . By the middle1990s, drug companies had developed four distinct classes of antiretrovirals, as several drugs thatattacked the opportunistic diseases that afflict AIDS patients. In 1996, Dr. David Ho was honored for his discovery that by taking a combination- a â€Å"cocktail†- ofthree of than four classes of antiretroviral drags, it is possible to kill off virtually all of than HIV virus in apatient’s body, allowing the immune system to recover, and thereby effectively bringing the disease intoremission. Costing upwards of $20,000 a year (the medicines had to be taken for the rest of the patient’slife), the new drug treatment enabled AIDS patients to once again live normal, healthy lives. By 1998, thelarge drug companies wouldShow MoreRelatedCompany Ethics and Moral1176 Words   |  5 Pagesdisease, diabetes, hepatitis, Parkinson’s, HIV/AIDS and some cancers (Dowdall, 2014). Without several of these drugs that are provided by these companies, many people would not live healthier longer lives. â€Å"Malaria, a mosquito-borne parasitic disease, kills hundreds of thousands of people a year, mainly babies in the poorest parts of sub-Saharan Africa, and scientists say an effective vaccine is key to attempts to eradicate it† (Moorthy, 2013). GlaxoSmithKline, a British drug maker has created the worldsRead MorePharma Industry Analysis1714 Words   |  7 PagesGood health is an important personal and social requirement and the unique role pharmaceutical firms play in meeting society’s need for popular wellbeing cannot be underestimated. In recent times, the impact of various global epidemics e.g. SARS, AIDS etc has also attracted popular and media attention to the industry. The effect of the intense media and political attention has resulted in increasing industry efforts to create and maintain good government-industry-society communications. TechnologicalRead MorePfizer Tested A New Antibiotic1483 Words   |  6 Pagestiming of antiretroviral treatment for HIV positive people is taking place in the African countries of Morocco, Mali, Nigeria, South Africa, and Uganda (â€Å"Strategic Timing†). The Strategic Timing of Antiretrovial Treatment (START) study is currently sponsored by the University of Minnesota and has twenty-one collaborators including GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Merck. The study s objective is to assess the mortality rate of HIV patients over the course of four years. Numerous antiretroviralRead MoreEthical Justification For Providing Life Saving Medicines2109 Words   |  9 Pagesshareholders of the company, especially in recouping the money that has been spent on the research. If a company does patent its HIV/AIDS drug then they protect it from being common knowledge and avoid losing an edge over other companies, not to mention the millions or billions in profits. Today, approxima tely 35 million people in the world are currently living with the HIV/AIDS disease (13), which leads us to the question: Should pharmaceutical companies be forced to make drug advancements public knowledgeRead MoreGsk Marketing Planning4419 Words   |  18 PagesGSK Marketing Planning | March 31 2013 | Calvin Cheung, Hussain Al Katib, Manpreet Budwal, Sandra Okechukwu | SOSTAC Review based on GlaxoSmithKline | Content Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction2 2.0 Situation Analysis3 2.1 PESTEL Analysis3 2.2 SWOT Analysis4 2.3 Boston Matrix5 2.4 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis6 3.0 Objectives8 4.0 Strategy9 4.1 Product9 4.2 Price9 4.3 Promotion9 4.4 Place10 4.5 Person10 4.6 Process10 4.7 Physical Evidence10 5.0 Tactics11 6.0 Action Plan12 Read MoreHistory and Analysis of the Pharmaceutical Industry4211 Words   |  17 PagesGood health is an important personal and social requirement and the unique role pharmaceutical firms play in meeting society’s need for popular wellbeing cannot be underestimated. In recent times, the impact of various global epidemics e.g. SARS, AIDS etc has also attracted popular and media attention to the industry. The effect of the intense media and political attention has resulted in increasing industry efforts to create and maintain good government-industry-society communications. TechnologicalRead MoreGlaxosmithkline18561 Words   |  75 PagesGlaxoSmithKline company profile Francis Weyzig Amsterdam, October 2004 Summary Business description GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is one of the world’s largest research-based pharmaceutical corporations that discovers, develops, manufactures and markets branded human health products. Headquarters: UK, with additional operational headquarters in the USA Global presence: about 160 countries Primary markets: USA, France, Germany, UK, Italy and Japan Employees: approximately 103,000 GSK key figuresRead MoreMergers Acquisitions in Pharma Industry21425 Words   |  86 PagesPROJECT REPORT ON A Successful International Merger in India: GlaxoSmithKline pharmaceutical industry Table of Contents: Declaration Abstract Part I –Introduction Research Objective and justifications Report Outline Part-II Industry DescriptionRead MoreProblems Facing the Pharmaceutical Industry and Approaches to Ensure Long Term Viability14741 Words   |  59 Pagesconsumer 3 products, healthcare services, medical devices and medical diagnostics. Yet other companies have taken the path of focusing on the Emerging Markets that are in some ways considered largely untapped potential like AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline s focus on China and India respectively. These are examples of changes that point to the fact that many Pharma companies do not see the current situation as a temporary setback. Many are making the decision to work with former competitors (EliRead MoreGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 PagesDo more, feel better, live longer GlaxoSmithKline Annual Report 2010 Contents Business review P08–P57 Governance and remuneration P58–P101 Financial statements P102–P191 Shareholder information P192–P212 Business review 2010 Performance overview Research and development Pipeline summary Products, competition and intellectual property Regulation Manufacturing and supply World market GSK sales performance Segment reviews Responsible business Financial review 2010 Financial position and resources

Corrupt Government Officials and the Global Economy Free Essays

Corrupt government officials end up damaging the global economy with their unfair and unjust business practices. Not only does the local economy of nations suffer at the hands of unscrupulous government officials, but the world suffers as a result of lack of economic prosperity in the regions many other nations assist with volunteers and financial contributions. Greed has been the focus of many investigations over the course of history when nationalistic political figures ended up hurting their own nations by stealing from them. We will write a custom essay sample on Corrupt Government Officials and the Global Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The result of such self-indulgence is that the nation itself is left in economic disparity and recession (if not depression), and the countries that have contributed to the nation become hesitant on contributing further in order to bail-out the local economies. Analyzing corruption and the methods that these insatiable officials feed their hunger for power and finances is the only way to spread the concepts of democracy and attempt to end corruption in the governments around the world. Moral hazards, according to Luigi Manzetti, has caused some countries to lose their footing in the global market (Manzetti 114). The economic possibilities of these countries, at one time, would have been endless—had it not been for the corrupt officials that allowed their economies to falter as they gained more wealth. Foreign investments are a large part of the culture of business in the world. Without foreign investors, the global market not only suffers, but the countries that depend on outside finances do not receive the business nor the travel perks of hosting foreign business people within their countries. Argentina had a large problem with corruption in the 1990s: According to high ranking officials of the Argentine ministry of justice, during the 1990s alone corruption cost Argentina $5 billion annually, although official figures were never disclosed. Corruption is also a strong deterrent against foreign investments. Indeed, while in 2010 Chile was ranked as the best performer in per capita foreign investments, Argentina was at the bottom of the scale among the largest Latin American economies (Manzetti 113). Political corruption ruins the reputation for the country in the long run so that foreign investors do not devote their allegiance in the future. North Korea has seen its fair share of corrupt government officials. The government officials who were raising money for the government and charitable organizations within the country received contributions from various countries and organizations. The military officials kept most of that money in what would be one of the largest political scandals in the history of the world: According to charges brought against him in 1995, Chun amassed a political slush fund totaling US $890 million and accepted bribes totaling $273. 35 million during his seven years in power (Wedemen 467). The officials who stole from the military did not harm the economy, however. These officials skimmed off a portion of the money collected and put the rest into the private sector in their economy. Many countries have had to be bailed out because of political corruption. George W. Bush’s administration deregulated How to cite Corrupt Government Officials and the Global Economy, Essay examples

The Correlation of Self-Esteem and Suicide free essay sample

The text book debates the merits of high self-esteem, noting that high self-esteem is not always good. Carry out research on one potential correlate with self-esteem. Answer the following questions : Why might the 2 factors be connected? What does research on this connection show? Propose how the relationahip could be further studied. Suicide, the act deliberate taking of ones life, disturbs and threatens human society. At least a million people are estimated to die annually from suicide worldwide (Wasserman, Qi amp; Jiang, 2005) and what is of greater concern is that suicide rates among the young have increased dramatically in the past three decades (Wasserman, 2001). The beginning of the 20th century marked a very important time for suicide research and suicide prevention (Pompili, 2010). One of the outcomes of the extensive research is the finding that self-esteem correlates with suicidal behaviour, which includes suicidal ideation, suicidal threats, self-injuring actions and suicidal attempts (Bagley amp; Ramsey, 1997). Many studies have demonstrated strong connections between the two concepts (Marciano amp; Kazdin, 1994). This paper seeks to explain the relationship between self-esteem and suicidal behaviour, citing current research on this correlation, as well as propose how this relationship could be further studied. This paper will first explore how might self-esteem and suicidal behaviour be connected. Self-esteem refers to how favourably someone evaluates himself and it is a very important aspect of personal well-being and adjustment (Passer et al. 2009, p. 678). According to the theory of personal constructs (Kelly, 1950), people construct reality in according to their own cognitive schemas. Applying this theory, people with low self-esteem would construe a more pessimistic view of themselves. When faced with the same life stresses, which can be external, such as problems with relationships or work; physical, such as a chronic physical illness; or psychological, such as a reactivated memory of an earlier traumatic event (Bagley amp; Ramsey, 1997, p. 51), they are more likely to be harbour self-defeating thoughts and deem their predicament to be more dire than people with higher self-esteem. As a result, they are more vulnerable to emotional distresses when faced with life stressors. People with low self-esteem are also less likely to take the initiative to make themselves feel better (Baumeister amp; Bushman, 2008, p. 81). In addition, if attempts made to lift their spirits fail, they are more likely to develop learnt helplessness and give up trying to make themselves feel better (Baumeister amp; Bushman, 2008, p. 05). Furthermore, people have a need for self-consistency (Passer et al. , 2009, p. 677), people with low self esteem would perceive negative events such as social rejection or physical illness as a self-verification of their unworthiness. These maladjusted cognitive patterns are self-fulfilling prophecies that lead to further despair and feelings of hopelessness. Without the ego buffers to help them moderate self-defeating thoughts (Bagley amp; Ramsay, 1997, p. 51), the emotional distress due to unpleasant life circumstances might be too overwhelming for these individuals, leading them to conceive suicidal thoughts and carry out suicide attempts more often than those with higher self-esteem, who still cling on to the hope that there is inherent worth in their life amidst the most trying circumstances. Research has supported this connection of self-esteem and suicidal behaviour. One of the pioneering research of this correlation was carried out by Kaplan (Kaplan amp; Porkorny,1976). Kaplan followed samples of both adolescents and adults, and has found that low self-esteem is an important predictor of suicidal behaviour. (Kaplan 1980). A more recent study conducted by Angus H. Thompson tested the association between responses to a self-esteem inventory and levels of suicidal behavior as conceptualized in the notion of the suicide process: death wish, suicide ideation followed by suicidal plans and suicidal attempts (Thompson 2010). A negative relationship was found between the level of suicide behaviour and self-esteem. Also, the vulnerability stress model which links self-esteem to suicide was put to test in a longitudinal study of 63 women who were having chronically poor self-esteem and experienced prolonged sexual and emotional or physical abuse as a child in Southern Alberta in 1987 (Bagley amp; Ramsay, 1997, p. 149). Forty of the 63 participated in the therapy group designed to increase self-esteem, coping skills and social support. A follow-up study found that the women who joined these groups had maintained most of the gains they made in self-esteem, had a reduction of depression and an absence of suicidal ideas and behaviour. In contrast, the 23 women who did not receive therapy remained depressed and suicidal, and one woman in this category had actually committed suicide. Through this study, the correlation between low self-esteem and suicidal behaviour were confirmed. The ultimate aim of research in correlational studies of self-esteem and suicidal behaviour is to understand, predict and prevent suicidal behaviour. The relationship between self-esteem and suicidal behaviour could be further studied to allow more effective preventive interventions to be put in place. At present, effective psychotherapy treatments for suicidal cases not provide self-esteem enhancement sessions, but they also provide coping skills as well as a social support system (Bagley amp; Ramsay, 1997, p. 156). This resulted in difficulty concluding if it was the enhancement of self-esteem or the other measures that have most effectively curb suicidal behaviour. By conducting a research to find out to what extent is enhancing self-esteem crucial in preventing suicide behaviour in people with low self-esteem, we can further strengthen of the correlation between self-esteem and suicidal behaviour. One way of carrying out this research would be to replicate the aforementioned Alberta longitudinal study on the 63 sexually and emotionally or physically abused women with chronically low self-esteem (Bagley,1879). However for this study, patients would be randomly assigned to two different treatment groups, one group would undergo therapy similar to the Alberta therapy group, with measures to enhance self-esteem, coping skills workshops and social support; the other group would undergo therapy with measures to enhance coping skills and social support without the self-esteem enhancement sessions. Self-esteem enhancement sessions is the independent variable and potential confounding variables such as gender, type of stressors and current self-esteem levels are held constant. If follow-up study shows that suicidal behaviour is significantly reduced in the group that underwent self-esteem enhancing sessions, the correlation between self-esteem and suicidal behaviour would be strengthened. Suicide can be seen to be the extreme act of irrationality as it brings a permanent end to the persons chances for happiness or success (Baumeister amp; Bushman, 2008, p. 19). It is worthy to note that not all chronically depressed people with low self-esteem commit suicide while some people with normal esteem level do commit suicide out of impulse. Although the correlation bewteen self-esteem and suicidal behaviour cannot account for all suicide cases, self-esteem is still an important intrinsic tool that can be used to defend one against self-defeating thoughts and the vulnerability of situational stressors. Enhancing the self-esteem of people with negative self-concept could be a timely preventive intervention of suicidal behaviour.